Positivism vs. Postpositivism

Attribute	Positivism	Postpositivism
Epistemology	Believes in objective knowledge and the scientific method as the only valid way to gain knowledge.	Recognizes the limitations of objectivity and acknowledges the role of subjectivity and interpretation in knowledge acquisition.
Ontology	Assumes a realist ontology, where there is an objective reality that can be studied and understood.	Acknowledges the existence of an external reality but emphasizes the importance of social and cultural influences on our understanding of reality.
Research Approach	Emphasizes quantitative research methods and the use of empirical data to test hypotheses.	Recognizes the value of both quantitative and qualitative research methods, and often employs mixed methods approaches.
Objectivity	Strives for objectivity in research, aiming to eliminate bias and personal values from the research process.	Recognizes that complete objectivity is unattainable and that researchers' values and perspectives can influence the research process.
Role of Theory	Views theory as a means to explain and predict phenomena, with an emphasis on general laws and causal relationships.	Views theory as a tool for understanding and interpreting phenomena, with an emphasis on context and multiple perspectives.
Researcher's Role	Assumes a detached and neutral role, aiming to be an objective observer and avoid influencing the research outcomes.	Recognizes the researcher's active role in shaping the research process and acknowledges the potential for their influence on the outcomes.

Introduction

Positivism and postpositivism are two philosophical approaches that have significantly influenced the field of social sciences. While both share some similarities, they also have distinct attributes that set them apart. This article aims to explore and compare the key attributes of positivism and postpositivism, shedding light on their underlying assumptions, methodologies, and implications.

Positivism

Positivism is a philosophical stance that emerged in the 19th century, primarily associated with the works of Auguste Comte. It emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and scientific methods in understanding the social world. Positivists believe that knowledge should be based on observable facts and verifiable data, rejecting metaphysical or speculative explanations.

One of the key attributes of positivism is its commitment to objectivity. Positivists argue that social phenomena can be studied and understood through the application of scientific methods, which aim to eliminate bias and subjectivity. This objectivity is achieved through the use of quantitative research methods, such as surveys and experiments, which allow for the collection of numerical data that can be analyzed statistically.

Another attribute of positivism is its emphasis on causality. Positivists seek to identify cause-and-effect relationships between variables, aiming to establish general laws or theories that can explain social phenomena. This focus on causality is closely tied to the positivist belief in determinism, the idea that events are determined by prior causes and can be predicted based on these causes.

Positivism also values the concept of value neutrality. Positivists argue that researchers should strive to separate their personal values and beliefs from their scientific inquiry. They believe that social science should be value-free and objective, focusing solely on the collection and analysis of empirical data.

Lastly, positivism places a strong emphasis on the concept of verification. Positivists argue that scientific knowledge should be based on empirical evidence that can be verified and replicated by other researchers. This emphasis on verification ensures the reliability and validity of scientific findings, as they can be tested and confirmed by others.

Postpositivism

Postpositivism, also known as critical realism, emerged as a response to some of the limitations and criticisms of positivism. Postpositivists acknowledge the importance of empirical evidence and scientific methods but argue that complete objectivity and value neutrality are unattainable in social sciences.

One of the key attributes of postpositivism is its recognition of the role of subjectivity and interpretation in the research process. Postpositivists argue that researchers bring their own biases, assumptions, and values to their work, which can influence the research design, data collection, and interpretation. They advocate for reflexivity, encouraging researchers to critically reflect on their own positionality and its potential impact on the research process.

Postpositivism also emphasizes the importance of theory in guiding research. While positivism seeks to establish general laws or theories, postpositivists argue that theories are fallible and subject to revision. They view theories as tools that help researchers make sense of complex social phenomena, but they should be open to modification and improvement based on new evidence and insights.

Another attribute of postpositivism is its recognition of the social and historical context in which research takes place. Postpositivists argue that social phenomena cannot be fully understood without considering the broader social, cultural, and historical factors that shape them. They advocate for a contextualized approach, which takes into account the specific circumstances and dynamics of the research setting.

Postpositivism also challenges the notion of value neutrality in social sciences. Postpositivists argue that researchers should acknowledge their own values and biases, as well as the potential influence of power structures and social inequalities on the research process. They advocate for research that is socially relevant and aims to address social injustices and inequalities.

Lastly, postpositivism recognizes the limitations of verification and emphasizes the importance of falsification. Postpositivists argue that while empirical evidence is crucial, it is impossible to fully verify or prove theories. Instead, they focus on falsification, seeking to disprove or reject theories through rigorous testing and critical examination. This approach allows for the refinement and improvement of theories based on evidence.

Conclusion

Positivism and postpositivism represent two distinct philosophical approaches that have shaped the field of social sciences. While positivism emphasizes objectivity, causality, value neutrality, and verification, postpositivism recognizes the role of subjectivity, theory, context, reflexivity, and falsification. Both approaches have their strengths and limitations, and researchers often adopt elements from both paradigms to conduct rigorous and meaningful research. By understanding the attributes of positivism and postpositivism, researchers can navigate the complexities of social sciences and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.