Neoclassical Realism vs. Neorealism

Attribute	Neoclassical Realism	Neorealism
Key Figures	Hans Morgenthau, Robert Jervis	Kenneth Waltz
Focus	Combines internal and external factors in explaining state behavior	Focuses on the anarchic structure of the international system
State Behavior	States act based on both domestic and international factors	States act primarily based on the structure of the international system
Power	Power is important but not the only factor influencing state behavior	Power is the primary determinant of state behavior
State Interests	State interests are shaped by both internal and external factors	State interests are primarily driven by the need for security

Introduction

Neoclassical realism and neorealism are two prominent theories in the field of international relations that seek to explain the behavior of states in the international system. While both theories share some similarities, they also have distinct attributes that set them apart. In this article, we will compare the key attributes of neoclassical realism and neorealism to provide a better understanding of their differences and similarities.

Definition and Origins

Neorealism, also known as structural realism, was developed by Kenneth Waltz in his seminal work "Theory of International Politics" in 1979. Neorealism posits that the behavior of states is primarily determined by the structure of the international system, specifically the distribution of power among states. Neorealism emphasizes the anarchic nature of the international system and the importance of power in shaping state behavior.

On the other hand, neoclassical realism is a more recent theory that builds upon the foundations of classical realism. Neoclassical realism integrates domestic factors, such as state leaders' perceptions and beliefs, into the analysis of state behavior. Neoclassical realism argues that while the international system is important, domestic factors also play a crucial role in shaping a state's foreign policy decisions.

Focus on Power

One of the key differences between neorealism and neoclassical realism is their focus on power. Neorealism places a strong emphasis on the distribution of power in the international system as the primary driver of state behavior. According to neorealism, states are rational actors that seek to maximize their security in an anarchic world by balancing against potential threats.

In contrast, neoclassical realism acknowledges the importance of power in international relations but also considers domestic factors, such as the perceptions and beliefs of state leaders. Neoclassical realists argue that state leaders' perceptions of the international system and their own capabilities can influence their foreign policy decisions, even in the face of power disparities.

Role of State Leaders

Another key difference between neorealism and neoclassical realism is their view on the role of state leaders in shaping foreign policy. Neorealism argues that state behavior is largely determined by the structure of the international system, with little room for individual agency. According to neorealism, state leaders are constrained by the anarchic nature of the international system and must act in accordance with the logic of power politics.

On the other hand, neoclassical realism emphasizes the importance of state leaders' perceptions and beliefs in shaping foreign policy decisions. Neoclassical realists argue that state leaders are not just passive actors responding to external threats, but active agents who interpret and respond to the international environment based on their own understanding of the world.

Levels of Analysis

Neorealism and neoclassical realism also differ in their levels of analysis. Neorealism operates at the systemic level, focusing on the distribution of power among states and the structure of the international system. Neorealists argue that the behavior of states can be explained by the constraints and opportunities presented by the international system.

Neoclassical realism, on the other hand, operates at multiple levels of analysis, including the systemic, state, and individual levels. Neoclassical realists argue that state behavior is influenced by a combination of systemic pressures and domestic factors, such as the preferences and perceptions of state leaders. By incorporating multiple levels of analysis, neoclassical realism provides a more nuanced understanding of state behavior.

Conclusion

In conclusion, neorealism and neoclassical realism are two important theories in the field of international relations that offer different perspectives on state behavior. While neorealism emphasizes the role of power and the structure of the international system, neoclassical realism integrates domestic factors and the perceptions of state leaders into the analysis. By comparing the attributes of neorealism and neoclassical realism, we can gain a better understanding of the complexities of state behavior in the international system.