Morgenthau vs. Walzer

Attribute	Morgenthau	Walzer
Approach to ethics	Realist	Just war theory
Focus on power	Emphasizes power as a central concept	Considers power but also includes other factors
International relations theory	Classical realism	Just war theory
Role of morality	Less emphasis on morality	Emphasizes moral considerations

Background

Hans Morgenthau and Michael Walzer are two prominent political theorists who have made significant contributions to the field of international relations. Morgenthau is known for his realist approach to politics, while Walzer is known for his just war theory and communitarian perspective. Despite their differences in theoretical frameworks, both scholars have had a lasting impact on the study of politics and ethics.

Views on Power

Morgenthau's conception of power is rooted in the realist tradition, which emphasizes the importance of power in international relations. According to Morgenthau, power is the primary means by which states pursue their interests and maintain their security. He argues that states should prioritize the pursuit of power in order to protect themselves from external threats and maintain stability in the international system.

On the other hand, Walzer takes a more nuanced approach to power, emphasizing the importance of moral considerations in the exercise of power. He argues that power should be used responsibly and in accordance with ethical principles, such as the protection of human rights and the promotion of justice. Walzer's just war theory reflects his belief that power should be wielded in a way that is consistent with moral values.

Approaches to Ethics

While Morgenthau's realism is often criticized for its focus on power politics and its perceived lack of ethical considerations, he does acknowledge the importance of moral principles in international relations. Morgenthau argues that states should adhere to certain ethical norms, such as respect for sovereignty and non-intervention, in order to maintain stability and prevent conflict.

Walzer, on the other hand, places a strong emphasis on ethics in his work, particularly in his exploration of just war theory. He argues that states have a moral obligation to adhere to certain principles when engaging in warfare, such as the principle of proportionality and the principle of discrimination. Walzer's communitarian perspective also highlights the importance of ethical considerations in political decision-making.

Views on Justice

Morgenthau's realist approach to politics is often criticized for its perceived lack of concern for justice. Critics argue that Morgenthau's focus on power politics overlooks the importance of justice in international relations. However, Morgenthau does acknowledge the role of justice in politics, arguing that states should strive to achieve a balance between power and justice in their foreign policy decisions.

Walzer, on the other hand, places a strong emphasis on justice in his work, particularly in his exploration of just war theory. He argues that states have a moral obligation to uphold principles of justice, such as the protection of innocent civilians and the respect for human rights, in their conduct of warfare. Walzer's communitarian perspective also emphasizes the importance of justice in political decision-making.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Morgenthau and Walzer offer distinct perspectives on politics, ethics, and justice. While Morgenthau's realism emphasizes the importance of power in international relations, Walzer's just war theory highlights the importance of ethical considerations in the exercise of power. Despite their differences, both scholars have made significant contributions to the field of political theory and continue to influence debates on international relations and ethics.