International Style vs. Late Modernism

Attribute	International Style	Late Modernism
Time Period	1920s-1930s	1950s-1980s
Origins	Europe	United States
Characteristics	Clean lines, geometric shapes, minimal ornamentation	Experimentation with form, materials, and technology
Influences	Bauhaus, De Stijl	Post-war optimism, technological advancements
Architects	Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe	Louis Kahn, Eero Saarinen

Origins

The International Style emerged in the 1920s and 1930s as a response to the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time. It was characterized by a focus on functionality, simplicity, and the use of modern materials such as glass, steel, and concrete. Late Modernism, on the other hand, developed in the 1960s and 1970s as a reaction against the perceived coldness and impersonality of the International Style. Late Modernism sought to reintroduce elements of warmth, human scale, and contextuality into modern architecture.

Design Principles

International Style buildings are typically characterized by their clean lines, flat roofs, and lack of ornamentation. The emphasis is on geometric forms and the use of industrial materials. In contrast, Late Modernism often incorporates more organic shapes, curves, and textures. Late Modernist buildings may also feature a greater variety of materials and colors, as well as more playful and expressive design elements.

Scale and Proportion

International Style buildings tend to be large in scale and emphasize horizontality. They often feature long, uninterrupted facades and open floor plans. Late Modernist buildings, on the other hand, may vary in scale and proportion, with a greater emphasis on verticality and the use of varied volumes and shapes. Late Modernist architects often sought to create buildings that were more responsive to their surroundings and the human scale.

Context and Site

International Style buildings are often designed as standalone objects, with little consideration for their context or site. They are typically set back from the street and surrounded by open space. Late Modernist buildings, on the other hand, are more likely to respond to their surroundings and engage with the site. Late Modernist architects often sought to create buildings that were more integrated with their environment and that responded to the specific conditions of the site.

Use of Technology

The International Style embraced new technologies and materials, such as steel, glass, and concrete, to create buildings that were efficient, functional, and modern. Late Modernism continued this tradition of technological innovation but also sought to humanize and soften the harshness of modern materials. Late Modernist architects often experimented with new construction techniques and materials to create buildings that were more expressive and responsive to human needs.

Legacy

The International Style had a lasting impact on modern architecture and design, influencing generations of architects around the world. Its emphasis on simplicity, functionality, and modern materials continues to be a dominant force in contemporary architecture. Late Modernism, while less influential than the International Style, has also left its mark on the built environment. Its emphasis on context, human scale, and warmth has influenced a new generation of architects who seek to create buildings that are both modern and responsive to their surroundings.