Instrumental Values vs. Terminal Values

Attribute	Instrumental Values	Terminal Values
Definition	Values that are desirable as a means to achieve other values or goals.	Values that are desirable in and of themselves, representing the ultimate goals or end states.
Focus	Emphasizes the means or methods used to achieve desired outcomes.	Emphasizes the desired outcomes or end states themselves.
Role	Instrumental values serve as guiding principles or behaviors to reach terminal values.	Terminal values represent the ultimate objectives or ideals to be pursued.
Examples	Hard work, honesty, perseverance, responsibility, self-discipline.	Happiness, freedom, wisdom, peace, equality.
Subjectivity	Instrumental values can vary based on individual or cultural perspectives.	Terminal values can also vary based on individual or cultural perspectives.
Hierarchy	Instrumental values are often seen as means to achieve higher-level terminal values.	Terminal values are considered more important and are often the ultimate objectives.

Introduction

When it comes to understanding human values, two important concepts come into play: instrumental values and terminal values. Both of these types of values play a significant role in shaping an individual's behavior, attitudes, and decision-making processes. In this article, we will explore the attributes of instrumental values and terminal values, highlighting their differences and how they contribute to personal and societal development.

Instrumental Values

Instrumental values refer to the means or methods by which individuals achieve their desired outcomes or terminal values. These values are considered to be the guiding principles that shape an individual's behavior and actions. Instrumental values are often associated with personal traits, attitudes, and behaviors that are considered desirable in achieving success and personal growth.

Some common examples of instrumental values include honesty, responsibility, perseverance, empathy, and self-discipline. These values are considered important because they influence how individuals interact with others, make decisions, and navigate through various situations in life. For instance, someone who values honesty highly is more likely to prioritize truthfulness and integrity in their interactions, which can lead to stronger relationships and trust.

Instrumental values are not fixed and can vary from person to person based on their upbringing, cultural background, and personal experiences. However, they generally reflect the qualities and behaviors that society deems as positive and beneficial for personal and collective growth.

Terminal Values

Terminal values, on the other hand, represent the ultimate goals or outcomes that individuals strive to achieve in their lives. These values are the end states or objectives that individuals consider as most important and desirable. Terminal values are often associated with long-term aspirations and the desired outcomes that individuals hope to attain.

Examples of terminal values include happiness, success, freedom, wisdom, and inner peace. These values reflect the ultimate goals that individuals aim to achieve and the states of being they wish to experience. For instance, someone who values success highly may strive for career advancement, financial stability, and recognition in their chosen field.

Terminal values are deeply personal and can vary significantly from person to person. They are influenced by an individual's unique life experiences, cultural background, and personal beliefs. Terminal values provide individuals with a sense of purpose and direction, guiding their choices and actions towards the fulfillment of their desired outcomes.

Attributes of Instrumental Values

Instrumental values possess several key attributes that distinguish them from terminal values:

1. Means to an end: Instrumental values are considered as the means or methods by which individuals achieve their desired outcomes or terminal values. They serve as the guiding principles that shape an individual's behavior and actions.
2. Behavioral focus: Instrumental values are primarily concerned with the attitudes, traits, and behaviors individuals exhibit in their interactions with others and their approach to various situations.
3. Subjectivity: Instrumental values can vary from person to person based on their personal beliefs, cultural background, and life experiences. They are subjective in nature and reflect individual preferences.
4. Developmental impact: Instrumental values contribute to personal and societal development by promoting positive traits and behaviors that are considered desirable for success and growth.
5. Flexibility: Instrumental values are not fixed and can be developed, modified, or changed over time as individuals learn and grow through their experiences.

Attributes of Terminal Values

Terminal values possess distinct attributes that set them apart from instrumental values:

• End goals: Terminal values represent the ultimate goals or outcomes that individuals strive to achieve in their lives. They are the desired end states that individuals consider as most important and desirable.
• Personal significance: Terminal values are deeply personal and reflect an individual's unique aspirations, beliefs, and life experiences. They provide a sense of purpose and direction in life.
• Long-term focus: Terminal values are associated with long-term aspirations and the desired outcomes that individuals hope to attain over their lifetime.
• Subjectivity: Terminal values can vary significantly from person to person based on their personal preferences, cultural background, and life experiences.
• Emotional connection: Terminal values often evoke strong emotions and feelings as individuals strive to achieve their desired outcomes and experience a sense of fulfillment.

Conclusion

Instrumental values and terminal values are two important concepts that help us understand the underlying motivations and aspirations of individuals. While instrumental values focus on the means or methods individuals employ to achieve their desired outcomes, terminal values represent the ultimate goals individuals strive to attain. Both types of values play a crucial role in shaping an individual's behavior, attitudes, and decision-making processes.

Understanding the attributes of instrumental values and terminal values allows us to appreciate the complexity of human values and the diverse range of motivations that drive individuals. By recognizing and aligning our own values with our desired outcomes, we can lead more purposeful and fulfilling lives, while also contributing positively to the development of society as a whole.