Homo Erectus vs. Neanderthalensis

Attribute	Homo Erectus	Neanderthalensis
Time Period	1.9 million - 143,000 years ago	400,000 - 40,000 years ago
Brain Size	600 - 1250 cc	Average 1600 cc
Body Structure	Short and stocky	Short and robust
Tools	Simple stone tools	More advanced tools, including spears
Language	Unclear if they had language	Possible use of language

Physical Characteristics

Homo Erectus and Neanderthalensis were both early human species that lived during the Pleistocene epoch. Homo Erectus, also known as "upright man," had a more modern body plan compared to Neanderthalensis. They had a larger brain size, ranging from 750 to 1250 cubic centimeters, and a more vertical forehead. Neanderthalensis, on the other hand, had a stockier build with shorter limbs and a barrel-shaped chest. They also had a larger brain size, averaging around 1400 cubic centimeters, which is larger than that of modern humans.

Geographical Distribution

Homo Erectus is believed to have originated in Africa around 2 million years ago and spread to other parts of the world, including Asia and Europe. Fossil evidence suggests that Homo Erectus was the first hominin species to leave Africa and colonize other continents. Neanderthalensis, on the other hand, lived primarily in Europe and parts of western Asia. They were well adapted to cold climates and are often associated with the Ice Age. Neanderthalensis disappeared around 40,000 years ago, while Homo Erectus went extinct around 143,000 years ago.

Tool Use and Technology

Homo Erectus is known for their advanced tool-making abilities. They were the first hominin species to use fire and create more complex tools, such as hand axes and cleavers. These tools were made by flaking stones to create sharp edges for cutting and butchering. Neanderthalensis, on the other hand, also had sophisticated tool-making skills. They used a technique called "Levallois" to create tools with specific shapes and functions. Neanderthalensis also used tools for hunting and butchering animals, as well as for other tasks like scraping hides and making clothing.

Social Behavior

Homo Erectus is believed to have lived in small social groups, possibly consisting of extended families. They likely had a division of labor based on gender, with males hunting and females gathering food. Neanderthalensis, on the other hand, is thought to have lived in more complex social groups. They may have had a more sophisticated language and communication system, as evidenced by the presence of a gene associated with speech and language in their DNA. Neanderthalensis also cared for their sick and elderly, as shown by evidence of healed fractures and other injuries in their fossils.

Cultural Practices

Homo Erectus is believed to have had a more nomadic lifestyle, following herds of animals for hunting and gathering food. They likely built temporary shelters using natural materials like branches and leaves. Neanderthalensis, on the other hand, is known for their elaborate burial practices. They buried their dead with grave goods, such as tools and flowers, suggesting a belief in an afterlife or some form of ritualistic behavior. Neanderthalensis also created art, including cave paintings and carvings, which indicate a symbolic and creative capacity.

Genetic Differences

Recent genetic studies have revealed some key differences between Homo Erectus and Neanderthalensis. Neanderthalensis had a higher percentage of Neanderthal DNA in their genome compared to Homo Erectus. This suggests that Neanderthalensis interbred with modern humans more extensively than Homo Erectus did. Neanderthalensis also had adaptations to cold climates, such as a stocky build and large nose, which are not present in Homo Erectus. These genetic differences may have contributed to the survival and extinction of these two early human species.