Harmonic vs. Overtone

Attribute	Harmonic	Overtone
Definition	A component frequency that is a whole number multiple of the fundamental frequency.	An additional frequency that is higher than the fundamental frequency and is produced simultaneously.
Relationship to Fundamental Frequency	Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.	Overtones can be integer multiples or non-integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
Amplitude	Harmonics have varying amplitudes, which can be higher or lower than the fundamental frequency.	Overtone amplitudes are usually lower than the fundamental frequency.
Perception	Harmonics contribute to the perceived timbre or tone quality of a sound.	Overtones can also affect the timbre, but they are often perceived as higher-pitched tones.
Origin	Harmonics are produced by the vibrating object or source.	Overtones can be produced by the vibrating object or by resonating objects in the surrounding environment.

Introduction

Harmonic and overtone are two terms commonly used in the field of music and acoustics. While they are related to each other, they have distinct attributes that set them apart. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of harmonic and overtone, their differences, and how they contribute to the overall sound of musical instruments.

Harmonic

A harmonic is a component of a complex sound wave that has a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. In simpler terms, it is a pure tone that resonates at a frequency that is a whole number multiple of the lowest frequency produced by an instrument or a sound source. Harmonics are also known as partials or overtones, but it is important to note that they are not the same as overtones, which we will discuss in the next section.

Harmonics play a crucial role in determining the timbre or tone quality of a musical instrument. They contribute to the richness and complexity of the sound produced. For example, when a string on a guitar is plucked, it vibrates not only at its fundamental frequency but also at various harmonic frequencies. These harmonics give the guitar its unique sound and distinguish it from other instruments.

Harmonics can be mathematically represented as a series of sine waves with frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. The amplitude of each harmonic decreases as the frequency increases, resulting in a diminishing effect on the overall sound. The first harmonic, also known as the fundamental frequency, has the highest amplitude and is responsible for the perceived pitch of the sound.

Harmonics are present in all musical instruments and are essential for creating a pleasant and harmonious sound. They are particularly important in instruments such as the piano, violin, and flute, where the manipulation of harmonics through techniques like finger placement and embouchure control allows musicians to produce a wide range of tones and colors.

Overtone

Overtone, on the other hand, refers specifically to the higher harmonics present in a complex sound wave. Unlike harmonics, which are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, overtones are non-integer multiples. They are additional frequencies that resonate alongside the fundamental frequency, creating a series of higher pitches that contribute to the overall sound.

Overtone series can be observed in various musical instruments, including brass and woodwind instruments. For example, when a trumpet player blows air into the instrument, the air column inside the trumpet resonates at different frequencies, producing a series of overtones. These overtones give the trumpet its characteristic bright and brassy sound.

While harmonics and overtones are closely related, the distinction lies in their mathematical relationship to the fundamental frequency. Harmonics are whole number multiples, while overtones are non-integer multiples. This difference in mathematical relationship results in different pitch relationships and contributes to the unique sound qualities of musical instruments.

It is worth noting that the terms "harmonic" and "overtone" are often used interchangeably in casual conversations, leading to some confusion. However, in the context of music theory and acoustics, it is important to differentiate between the two to accurately describe the characteristics of sound waves and their components.

Conclusion

Harmonics and overtones are integral components of complex sound waves produced by musical instruments. While they share similarities, such as contributing to the overall timbre and richness of sound, they have distinct attributes that set them apart. Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, while overtones are non-integer multiples. Understanding the differences between harmonics and overtones allows musicians, composers, and sound engineers to manipulate and control the sound produced by musical instruments, resulting in a diverse and captivating musical experience.