Fossilization vs. Overgeneralization

Attribute	Fossilization	Overgeneralization
Definition	The process by which incorrect language forms become ingrained in a learner's speech or writing	The process by which a learner applies a rule too broadly, resulting in errors
Cause	Lack of exposure to correct forms, lack of feedback	Overreliance on a rule or pattern, lack of awareness of exceptions
Impact	Can be difficult to correct, may persist even with instruction	Can lead to errors in communication, may hinder language development
Examples	Using "I goed" instead of "I went"	Using "mouses" instead of "mice" for the plural of "mouse"

Definition

Fossilization and overgeneralization are two common errors that language learners make when acquiring a new language. Fossilization refers to the phenomenon where incorrect language forms become ingrained and are difficult to correct, even after receiving feedback. On the other hand, overgeneralization occurs when learners apply a rule or pattern too broadly, leading to errors in their language production.

Causes

Fossilization often occurs when learners have been using a particular incorrect form for an extended period of time without receiving corrective feedback. This can lead to the form becoming fossilized in their language system, making it difficult to unlearn. Overgeneralization, on the other hand, can be caused by learners trying to apply a rule they have learned in a new context without fully understanding its limitations. This can result in errors as they extend the rule beyond its intended usage.

Impact on Language Learning

Both fossilization and overgeneralization can have a negative impact on language learning. Fossilization can hinder learners' progress as they continue to use incorrect forms without realizing it. This can lead to communication breakdowns and frustration for both the learner and their interlocutors. Overgeneralization, on the other hand, can result in errors that may be perceived as less fluent or native-like, affecting the learner's overall language proficiency.

Correction

Correcting fossilization and overgeneralization requires targeted feedback and practice. For fossilization, learners may need explicit correction and guidance on the correct form to use. This can help them break the habit of using the incorrect form and replace it with the correct one. Overgeneralization, on the other hand, may require learners to understand the limitations of the rule they are applying and practice using it in context to avoid making errors.

Examples

One common example of fossilization is the incorrect use of verb tense. For instance, a learner may consistently use the present tense when referring to past events, even after being corrected multiple times. This incorrect form becomes fossilized in their language system, making it difficult to correct. An example of overgeneralization could be a learner applying a grammar rule for forming questions in English to all types of sentences, leading to errors in their language production. This overgeneralization can result in non-native-like speech patterns.

Strategies for Avoiding Fossilization and Overgeneralization

To avoid fossilization, learners can benefit from regular feedback and correction from teachers or language partners. This can help them identify and correct errors before they become ingrained. For overgeneralization, learners can benefit from understanding the context in which a rule applies and practicing using it in different contexts to reinforce their understanding. By being aware of these common errors and actively working to correct them, learners can improve their language proficiency and avoid fossilization and overgeneralization.