Explicit Learning vs. Implicit Learning

Attribute	Explicit Learning	Implicit Learning
Definition	Conscious, intentional learning through instruction or study	Unconscious, unintentional learning through experience or exposure
Awareness	Learner is aware of what they are learning	Learner may not be aware of what they are learning
Effort	Requires effort and attention	Occurs effortlessly and without conscious effort
Retention	May lead to better retention of information	May lead to more automatic and ingrained skills
Examples	Studying a textbook, memorizing facts	Riding a bike, speaking a native language

Definition

Explicit learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through direct instruction or conscious effort. This type of learning involves the deliberate and intentional acquisition of information, often through formal education or training programs. On the other hand, implicit learning occurs without conscious awareness or intent. It involves acquiring knowledge or skills through exposure to patterns or regularities in the environment, often through repeated practice or observation.

Characteristics

Explicit learning is characterized by the use of language, reasoning, and conscious awareness. Learners are able to articulate what they have learned and explain the steps they took to acquire the knowledge or skills. In contrast, implicit learning is more automatic and unconscious. Individuals may not be able to explain how they acquired a particular skill or knowledge, as it was learned through repeated exposure and practice without conscious effort.

Processing

Explicit learning involves the use of working memory and cognitive processes to actively engage with the material being learned. Learners consciously focus on the information, analyze it, and make connections to existing knowledge. Implicit learning, on the other hand, relies more on procedural memory and automatic processes. Information is acquired through repeated exposure and practice, leading to the development of implicit knowledge that guides behavior without conscious awareness.

Retention

Explicit learning is often associated with better retention of information in the short term. Learners can recall facts, concepts, and procedures that they have consciously learned. However, retention of explicit knowledge may decline over time without regular review or practice. Implicit learning, on the other hand, can lead to long-lasting retention of skills and knowledge. Once a skill is acquired through implicit learning, it becomes ingrained and can be accessed automatically without conscious effort.

Transferability

Explicit learning is often more easily transferable to new situations or contexts. Learners can apply the knowledge or skills they have acquired in one setting to solve problems or make decisions in a different setting. Implicit learning, on the other hand, may be more context-specific. Skills acquired through implicit learning may not transfer as readily to new situations, as they are often tied to the specific context in which they were learned.

Feedback

Explicit learning benefits from explicit feedback, as learners can use this information to adjust their understanding and improve their performance. Feedback plays a crucial role in the explicit learning process, helping learners identify errors and misconceptions. Implicit learning, on the other hand, may rely more on implicit feedback. Learners may not receive explicit feedback on their performance, but instead, adjust their behavior based on the outcomes of their actions.

Applications

Explicit learning is commonly used in formal educational settings, where instructors provide direct instruction and feedback to students. This type of learning is well-suited for teaching academic subjects, procedural skills, and complex concepts that require conscious understanding. Implicit learning, on the other hand, is often used in skill acquisition, such as learning to ride a bike or play a musical instrument. This type of learning is more experiential and relies on practice and repetition to develop automaticity.

Conclusion

Both explicit learning and implicit learning have their own unique attributes and applications. While explicit learning involves conscious effort and deliberate instruction, implicit learning occurs without conscious awareness through repeated exposure and practice. Understanding the differences between these two types of learning can help educators and learners make informed decisions about the most effective strategies for acquiring knowledge and skills.