Critical Realism vs. Realism

Attribute	Critical Realism	Realism
Ontology	Believes in an external reality that exists independently of our perceptions	Believes in an external reality that exists independently of our perceptions
Epistemology	Emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying structures and mechanisms that produce observable phenomena	Focuses on the idea that knowledge is derived from sensory experience and observation
Methodology	Advocates for a combination of empirical observation and theoretical reasoning to uncover hidden causal mechanisms	Relies on empirical observation and scientific methods to understand the world
Focus	Focuses on uncovering the underlying structures and mechanisms that produce observable phenomena	Focuses on describing and explaining the world as it appears to us

Introduction

When discussing philosophical perspectives, two terms that often come up are Critical Realism and Realism. While both share some similarities, they also have distinct attributes that set them apart. In this article, we will explore the key differences between Critical Realism and Realism, examining their ontological and epistemological foundations, as well as their implications for understanding the world.

Ontology

One of the fundamental differences between Critical Realism and Realism lies in their ontological assumptions. Realism posits that there is a reality independent of human perception, which exists objectively and can be known through observation and empirical evidence. In contrast, Critical Realism acknowledges the existence of an external reality but emphasizes the limitations of human knowledge and the role of social structures in shaping our understanding of the world.

Epistemology

Another key distinction between Critical Realism and Realism is their epistemological stance. Realism asserts that knowledge can be obtained through direct observation and empirical research, leading to a more positivist approach to understanding the world. Critical Realism, on the other hand, recognizes the fallibility of human perception and the need for critical reflection on the social and historical context in which knowledge is produced.

Methodology

When it comes to methodology, Realism tends to favor a more deductive and quantitative approach, relying on scientific methods and statistical analysis to uncover objective truths about the world. Critical Realism, on the other hand, advocates for a more holistic and interdisciplinary approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the underlying structures and mechanisms that shape social phenomena.

Agency and Structure

One of the key concepts in Critical Realism is the relationship between agency and structure, which emphasizes the interplay between individual actions and social forces. Critical Realists argue that while individuals have agency to make choices, their actions are constrained by social structures and historical conditions. Realism, on the other hand, tends to focus more on individual agency and the role of personal motivations in shaping behavior.

Critical Reflection

One of the defining features of Critical Realism is its emphasis on critical reflection and self-awareness in the pursuit of knowledge. Critical Realists argue that researchers should be aware of their own biases and assumptions, as well as the broader social and political context in which their research is situated. Realism, on the other hand, tends to take a more objective and value-neutral approach to knowledge production.

Implications for Social Change

Finally, the differences between Critical Realism and Realism have important implications for understanding social change and transformation. Critical Realism highlights the need for structural analysis and collective action to address social inequalities and injustices, while Realism may focus more on individual behavior and incremental changes within existing systems. Understanding these differences can help researchers and policymakers develop more effective strategies for promoting social justice and equity.