Constructivism vs. The English School

Attribute	Constructivism	The English School
Key Figures	Wendt, Onuf	Bull, Watson
Focus	Individuals and their ideas	International society and norms
Epistemology	Socially constructed knowledge	Historical evolution of ideas
State Behavior	Driven by ideas and identities	Shaped by international norms
Approach to International Relations	Interpretivist	Pluralist

Introduction

Constructivism and The English School are two prominent theories in the field of international relations that offer different perspectives on how the world operates. While both theories seek to explain the behavior of states and the dynamics of the international system, they do so in distinct ways. In this article, we will compare the attributes of Constructivism and The English School to highlight their key differences and similarities.

Core Principles

Constructivism is a social theory that emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping international relations. According to Constructivists, the behavior of states is not solely determined by material factors such as power or resources, but also by social constructs such as beliefs, values, and identities. In contrast, The English School is a theory that focuses on the concept of international society, which refers to the shared norms, values, and institutions that govern interactions between states. The English School argues that states are not just self-interested actors, but members of a broader international community with common interests and responsibilities.

Approach to State Behavior

Constructivism views states as social actors that are influenced by their interactions with other states and non-state actors. States are seen as constantly adapting to changing social norms and identities, which in turn shape their behavior in the international arena. In contrast, The English School sees states as members of an international society that is governed by shared norms and values. States are expected to adhere to these norms and cooperate with each other to maintain order and stability in the international system.

Role of Power

Constructivism challenges the traditional realist view of power as the primary driver of state behavior. Instead, Constructivists argue that power is socially constructed and can be influenced by ideas, norms, and identities. States can gain power through the promotion of certain values or the creation of new norms that shape the behavior of other states. On the other hand, The English School acknowledges the importance of power in international relations but emphasizes the need for states to exercise power responsibly within the framework of international society. Power is seen as a means to achieve common goals rather than a tool for domination.

Approach to International Institutions

Constructivism highlights the role of international institutions in shaping state behavior and promoting cooperation among states. International institutions are seen as forums for the exchange of ideas and the creation of new norms that can influence state behavior. Constructivists argue that states can use international institutions to build trust, resolve conflicts, and address common challenges. In contrast, The English School sees international institutions as part of the broader international society that helps to maintain order and stability in the international system. States are expected to respect the rules and norms established by international institutions in order to uphold the principles of international society.

Approach to Conflict and Cooperation

Constructivism offers a more nuanced view of conflict and cooperation in international relations. While conflicts are inevitable, Constructivists argue that states can overcome differences through dialogue, negotiation, and the promotion of shared values. Cooperation is seen as a process of building trust and understanding between states, rather than a zero-sum game of power politics. On the other hand, The English School emphasizes the importance of cooperation in maintaining order and stability in the international system. States are expected to cooperate with each other to address common challenges and uphold the principles of international society.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Constructivism and The English School offer different perspectives on how states interact in the international system. While Constructivism focuses on the role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping state behavior, The English School emphasizes the concept of international society and the importance of shared norms and values. Both theories provide valuable insights into the complexities of international relations and offer alternative ways of understanding state behavior and interactions in the global arena.