Constructivism vs. English School

Attribute	Constructivism	English School
Key Figures	Alexander Wendt, Nicholas Onuf	Hedley Bull, Martin Wight
Focus	Individuals and ideas shape international relations	International society and norms influence state behavior
Epistemology	Subjective and socially constructed knowledge	Objective and rational knowledge
State Behavior	States act based on their perceptions and identities	States act based on international norms and institutions
Anarchy	Anarchy is what states make of it	Anarchy is a condition of international relations

Introduction

Constructivism and English School are two prominent theories in the field of international relations that offer different perspectives on how the world operates. While both theories seek to explain the behavior of states and the dynamics of the international system, they do so through different lenses. In this article, we will compare the attributes of Constructivism and English School to highlight their key differences and similarities.

Core Principles

Constructivism is a theory that emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping state behavior. According to Constructivists, the international system is not just a structure of power relations but also a social construct that is constantly being shaped and reshaped by the beliefs and values of actors. In contrast, the English School theory, also known as the international society approach, focuses on the idea of an international society composed of states that share common norms and values. The English School emphasizes the importance of international institutions and norms in shaping state behavior and promoting cooperation.

Approach to State Behavior

Constructivism argues that state behavior is influenced by social norms, identities, and perceptions rather than just material interests. Constructivists believe that states are not solely driven by power politics but also by their desire to maintain their identity and legitimacy in the eyes of other actors. In contrast, the English School theory acknowledges the role of power in international relations but also emphasizes the importance of norms, rules, and institutions in shaping state behavior. The English School argues that states can cooperate and coexist peacefully by adhering to shared norms and values.

View on International Institutions

Constructivism views international institutions as important actors in the international system that help shape state behavior by promoting certain norms and values. Constructivists argue that institutions can influence state behavior by socializing states into accepting certain rules and norms. On the other hand, the English School theory sees international institutions as key components of the international society that help maintain order and stability. The English School emphasizes the role of institutions in facilitating cooperation and resolving conflicts among states.

Approach to Conflict and Cooperation

Constructivism offers a nuanced understanding of conflict and cooperation in international relations by emphasizing the role of ideas, identities, and perceptions in shaping state behavior. Constructivists argue that conflicts can arise not just from material interests but also from differences in beliefs and values. Constructivism also highlights the potential for cooperation among states through the process of socialization and norm diffusion. In contrast, the English School theory emphasizes the importance of shared norms and values in promoting cooperation and resolving conflicts among states. The English School argues that states can overcome their differences and work together by adhering to common rules and principles.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Constructivism and English School are two distinct theories in the field of international relations that offer different perspectives on how the world operates. While Constructivism focuses on the role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping state behavior, the English School theory emphasizes the importance of international institutions and shared norms in promoting cooperation among states. By comparing the attributes of Constructivism and English School, we can gain a better understanding of the complexities of international relations and the various factors that influence state behavior in the international system.