Conflict Theory Karl Marx vs. Social Capital Theory Robert Putnam Pierre Bourdieu

Attribute	Conflict Theory Karl Marx	Social Capital Theory Robert Putnam Pierre Bourdieu
Founder	Karl Marx	Robert Putnam, Pierre Bourdieu
Focus	Conflict and inequality in society	Social relationships and networks
Key Concepts	Class struggle, exploitation, alienation	Social capital, social networks, social cohesion
Approach	Macro-level analysis	Micro-level analysis
Emphasis	Economic factors and power dynamics	Social connections and trust

Conflict Theory by Karl Marx

Conflict theory, as conceptualized by Karl Marx, focuses on the idea that society is in a constant state of conflict due to competition for limited resources. Marx believed that this conflict was primarily between the bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production, and the proletariat, who were the working class. According to Marx, this class struggle was the driving force behind societal change and the development of capitalism.

One of the key attributes of conflict theory is its emphasis on power dynamics within society. Marx argued that those in power would use their influence to maintain their position and oppress those without power. This unequal distribution of power led to social inequality and exploitation of the working class by the ruling class.

Another important aspect of conflict theory is its focus on economic factors as the primary driver of social change. Marx believed that economic relationships and the mode of production were central to understanding society and its structures. He argued that changes in the economic system would ultimately lead to changes in social relations and institutions.

Marx also highlighted the role of ideology in perpetuating the status quo and maintaining the dominance of the ruling class. He believed that the ruling class used ideology to justify their position and control the beliefs and values of the working class. This manipulation of ideology served to maintain the existing power structures and prevent social change.

In summary, conflict theory by Karl Marx emphasizes the role of power dynamics, economic factors, and ideology in shaping society and driving social change. It highlights the inherent conflict between different social classes and the struggle for control over resources and power.

Social Capital Theory by Robert Putnam and Pierre Bourdieu

Social capital theory, as developed by Robert Putnam and Pierre Bourdieu, focuses on the idea that social networks and relationships are valuable resources that can benefit individuals and communities. Putnam defined social capital as the connections and trust between individuals that enable cooperation and collaboration. Bourdieu, on the other hand, viewed social capital as a form of cultural capital that could be used to gain social advantage.

One of the key attributes of social capital theory is its emphasis on the importance of social relationships and networks in fostering social cohesion and collective action. Putnam argued that strong social ties and networks could lead to increased trust, reciprocity, and cooperation among individuals, which in turn could benefit society as a whole.

Bourdieu, on the other hand, focused on the role of social capital in reproducing social inequalities and maintaining social hierarchies. He believed that those with greater social capital had access to valuable resources and opportunities that were not available to those with less social capital. This unequal distribution of social capital contributed to the perpetuation of social stratification.

Another important aspect of social capital theory is its emphasis on the role of social norms and values in shaping social relationships and networks. Putnam argued that shared norms and values within a community could strengthen social ties and foster cooperation. Bourdieu, on the other hand, highlighted the role of cultural capital in determining an individual's social capital and social status.

In summary, social capital theory by Robert Putnam and Pierre Bourdieu emphasizes the importance of social relationships, networks, and norms in fostering social cohesion and cooperation. It highlights the role of social capital in shaping social inequalities and maintaining social hierarchies, as well as the influence of cultural capital on an individual's social status.