Classical Realism vs. Realism

Attribute	Classical Realism	Realism
Time Period	17th-19th centuries	19th-20th centuries
Focus	Emphasis on idealized forms and beauty	Focus on depicting reality as it is
Subject Matter	Historical and mythological themes	Everyday life and ordinary people
Technique	Detailed and precise brushwork	Loose and expressive brushwork
Emotion	Emphasis on emotional restraint	Emphasis on capturing emotions realistically

Introduction

Classical Realism and Realism are two prominent schools of thought in the field of international relations. While they share some similarities, they also have distinct attributes that set them apart. In this article, we will explore the key differences between Classical Realism and Realism, examining their respective principles, assumptions, and implications.

Definition of Classical Realism

Classical Realism, also known as Traditional Realism, is a theory of international relations that emphasizes the role of human nature and power politics in shaping state behavior. According to Classical Realists, states are inherently self-interested and power-seeking entities that prioritize their own survival and security above all else. This perspective is rooted in the writings of ancient philosophers such as Thucydides and Machiavelli, who viewed international politics as a ruthless struggle for power and influence.

Definition of Realism

Realism, on the other hand, is a broader school of thought that encompasses various sub-theories, including Classical Realism. In addition to focusing on power politics and state behavior, Realism also considers the impact of the international system and the distribution of power among states. Realists argue that the anarchic nature of the international system compels states to prioritize their own interests and engage in strategic behavior to ensure their survival and security.

Key Similarities

• Both Classical Realism and Realism emphasize the importance of power and self-interest in shaping state behavior.
• Both theories view the international system as anarchic, with states operating in a self-help environment where there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or norms.
• Both Classical Realism and Realism highlight the role of human nature in influencing state behavior, suggesting that states are driven by a desire for security and survival.

Key Differences

• Classical Realism places greater emphasis on the individual characteristics of leaders and decision-makers, arguing that their perceptions and beliefs play a significant role in shaping state behavior.
• Realism, on the other hand, focuses more on the structural constraints of the international system, such as the distribution of power and the balance of power among states.
• Classical Realism tends to be more pessimistic about the prospects for cooperation and peace in international relations, emphasizing the inevitability of conflict and competition among states.
• Realism, while acknowledging the prevalence of conflict, also recognizes the potential for cooperation and diplomacy to mitigate tensions and promote stability in the international system.

Implications of Classical Realism

Classical Realism has several implications for the conduct of foreign policy and international relations. Leaders who adhere to Classical Realist principles are likely to prioritize national security and sovereignty, often adopting a realpolitik approach to diplomacy and statecraft. They may be more inclined to pursue a balance of power strategy, seeking to maintain a favorable distribution of power in the international system to safeguard their state's interests.

Implications of Realism

Realism, with its broader focus on the international system and structural constraints, offers a more nuanced perspective on state behavior and international relations. Realist leaders may be more attuned to the dynamics of power politics and the importance of alliances and coalitions in achieving strategic objectives. They may also be more open to diplomatic engagement and multilateral cooperation as a means of managing conflicts and promoting stability in the international system.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Classical Realism and Realism are two influential theories of international relations that share some common principles while also diverging in key areas. While Classical Realism emphasizes the role of human nature and individual decision-making, Realism takes a broader view of state behavior and the international system. Both theories offer valuable insights into the complexities of international politics and the challenges of navigating a world characterized by power struggles and competing interests.