Classical Realism vs. Neorealism

Attribute	Classical Realism	Neorealism
Founder	Thucydides, Machiavelli	Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz
Focus	Human nature and power politics	Anarchy and state behavior
State behavior	Self-interested and power-seeking	Rational and security-seeking
International system	Anarchical and competitive	Anarchical and self-help
War	Inevitable and a tool of statecraft	Result of security dilemma

Introduction

Classical Realism and Neorealism are two prominent theories in the field of international relations that seek to explain the behavior of states in the international system. While both theories share some similarities, they also have distinct attributes that set them apart. In this article, we will compare the key attributes of Classical Realism and Neorealism to provide a better understanding of their differences and similarities.

Core Assumptions

Classical Realism, also known as Traditional Realism, is based on the assumption that states are the primary actors in the international system and that they are inherently selfish and power-seeking. According to Classical Realists, states are driven by a desire for power and security, and they prioritize their own interests above all else. On the other hand, Neorealism, also known as Structural Realism, focuses on the structure of the international system as the main determinant of state behavior. Neorealists argue that the anarchic nature of the international system leads states to prioritize their security and survival.

View of Human Nature

In Classical Realism, human nature is seen as inherently flawed and selfish. Classical Realists believe that individuals, and by extension states, are driven by a desire for power and security, which leads to competition and conflict in the international system. On the other hand, Neorealism does not place as much emphasis on human nature. Instead, Neorealists argue that the structure of the international system, characterized by anarchy and the absence of a central authority, is the primary driver of state behavior.

Focus on Power

Classical Realism places a strong emphasis on power as the central concept in international relations. According to Classical Realists, states seek to maximize their power and influence in order to ensure their security and survival. Power is seen as a means to achieve security and maintain a balance of power in the international system. Neorealism also recognizes the importance of power in international relations, but it focuses more on the distribution of power among states and how this distribution affects state behavior.

Role of Morality

Classical Realism tends to be more skeptical of the role of morality in international relations. Classical Realists argue that states are primarily motivated by self-interest and that moral considerations are often secondary to considerations of power and security. In contrast, Neorealism does not completely dismiss the role of morality, but it emphasizes the importance of the international system's structure in shaping state behavior. Neorealists believe that states are constrained by the anarchic nature of the international system, which limits their ability to act morally.

Approach to International Institutions

Classical Realism is generally skeptical of the effectiveness of international institutions in promoting peace and cooperation among states. Classical Realists argue that states are primarily motivated by self-interest and that international institutions are often used as tools to advance their own interests. Neorealism, on the other hand, recognizes the importance of international institutions in managing conflicts and promoting cooperation among states. Neorealists believe that international institutions can help mitigate the effects of anarchy in the international system.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Classical Realism and Neorealism are two influential theories in the field of international relations that offer different perspectives on state behavior in the international system. While Classical Realism focuses on the role of states as power-seeking actors driven by self-interest, Neorealism emphasizes the importance of the international system's structure in shaping state behavior. By comparing the core assumptions, views of human nature, focus on power, role of morality, and approach to international institutions of Classical Realism and Neorealism, we can gain a better understanding of the key differences between these two theories.