Bharatanatyam vs. Kathak

Attribute	Bharatanatyam	Kathak
Origin	South India	North India
Style	Classical	Classical
Costumes	Traditional silk saree	Lehenga or Anarkali
Footwork	Flat-footed	Heel-toe technique
Hand Gestures	Mudras	Mudras
Music	Carnatic	Hindustani
Expression	Emphasizes facial expressions	Emphasizes eye movements
Themes	Mythological and spiritual	Mythological and historical
Speed	Slow to medium pace	Fast-paced

Introduction

Bharatanatyam and Kathak are two prominent classical dance forms of India. Both have a rich history, cultural significance, and unique attributes that distinguish them from each other. In this article, we will delve into the various aspects of Bharatanatyam and Kathak, including their origins, techniques, costumes, music, and themes, to gain a comprehensive understanding of these captivating dance forms.

Origins

Bharatanatyam originated in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, while Kathak traces its roots to the northern regions of India. Bharatanatyam, also known as Sadir, was traditionally performed in temples as a form of religious devotion. It evolved from the ancient dance-drama tradition called 'Natya Shastra.' On the other hand, Kathak emerged as a storytelling dance form in the Mughal courts, blending elements of Persian, Hindu, and Muslim cultures. It was initially performed by Kathakas, professional storytellers who narrated mythological tales through dance.

Techniques

Bharatanatyam is characterized by its precise footwork, intricate hand gestures (mudras), and elaborate facial expressions (abhinaya). The dance form emphasizes the concept of 'adavus,' which are a series of rhythmic steps performed in various combinations. The movements in Bharatanatyam are graceful, linear, and geometric, with a focus on symmetry and balance.

Kathak, on the other hand, places a strong emphasis on footwork and spins (chakkars). The dance form incorporates intricate footwork patterns, known as 'tatkar,' which involve complex rhythmic sequences. Kathak also includes fast-paced pirouettes and swift movements, often accompanied by the rhythmic sounds of ankle bells (ghungroos). The dance style seamlessly blends both graceful and energetic movements, creating a dynamic and captivating performance.

Costumes and Jewelry

The costumes and jewelry in Bharatanatyam and Kathak are distinct, reflecting the cultural influences and traditions of their respective regions.

In Bharatanatyam, female dancers typically wear a vibrant silk saree, adorned with intricate gold jewelry, including necklaces, earrings, bangles, and anklets. The hairstyle is usually a bun adorned with flowers, and the face is adorned with heavy makeup, highlighting the eyes and lips. Male dancers wear a dhoti, a traditional garment, along with a shirt and a turban.

In Kathak, female dancers wear a flowing, ankle-length skirt called a 'lehenga' or 'ghagra,' paired with a fitted blouse and a transparent veil. The costume is often embellished with intricate embroidery and mirrors. The jewelry includes a maang tikka (forehead ornament), earrings, necklaces, and anklets. Male dancers wear a kurta (loose tunic), churidar (fitted trousers), and a turban or cap.

Music and Instruments

The music and musical instruments used in Bharatanatyam and Kathak play a vital role in enhancing the overall performance and creating the desired ambiance.

Bharatanatyam is traditionally accompanied by Carnatic music, which is characterized by its complex rhythmic patterns and melodic structures. The primary musical instruments used in Bharatanatyam performances include the mridangam (a double-headed drum), veena (a stringed instrument), flute, and violin. The melodic aspect of the dance is expressed through the vocalist's singing, while the rhythmic aspect is emphasized through the beats of the mridangam.

Kathak, on the other hand, is accompanied by Hindustani classical music, which has a distinct melodic and rhythmic structure. The musical instruments commonly used in Kathak performances include the tabla (a pair of drums), sarangi (a bowed string instrument), harmonium, and sitar. The tabla player plays a crucial role in providing intricate rhythms and beats, complementing the footwork and movements of the dancer.

Themes and Expressions

Bharatanatyam and Kathak explore a wide range of themes, including mythology, spirituality, love, and social narratives.

Bharatanatyam often incorporates stories from Hindu mythology, such as the tales of Lord Krishna, Lord Shiva, and Goddess Parvati. The dancers use their facial expressions, hand gestures, and body movements to portray various characters and emotions, bringing the stories to life. The dance form also includes abstract pieces that focus on expressing emotions and evoking a spiritual connection with the audience.

Kathak, on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of themes, including both mythological and historical narratives. The dance form often depicts stories from the epics, such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as Sufi poetry and Mughal court tales. Kathak dancers skillfully use their expressions, hand movements, and footwork to convey intricate emotions, creating a mesmerizing storytelling experience.

Conclusion

Bharatanatyam and Kathak, though distinct in their origins, techniques, costumes, music, and themes, are both exquisite classical dance forms that have captivated audiences for centuries. While Bharatanatyam emphasizes precision, symmetry, and grace, Kathak showcases a blend of gracefulness and energetic footwork. Both dance forms are deeply rooted in Indian culture and continue to evolve and thrive in the modern era. Whether it is the soul-stirring expressions of Bharatanatyam or the dynamic storytelling of Kathak, these dance forms continue to enchant and inspire audiences worldwide.