Backward vs. Backwards

Attribute	Backward	Backwards
Definition	Directed or moving toward the back or rear	Directed or moving toward the back or rear
Usage	More commonly used in American English	More commonly used in British English
Adverb	Can be used as an adverb	Can be used as an adverb
Spelling	Alternative spelling of "backwards"	Standard spelling in British English

Definition

Backward and backwards are both adverbs that describe the direction of movement or the orientation of an object. The main difference between the two is their usage in American and British English. In American English, "backward" is more commonly used, while in British English, "backwards" is the preferred form. Both words essentially mean the same thing, but the choice of which one to use depends on the dialect of English being spoken.

Form

One key difference between backward and backwards is their form. "Backward" is the standard form of the adverb in American English, while "backwards" is the standard form in British English. This difference in form can sometimes lead to confusion for English learners who are not familiar with the variations between American and British English. It is important to be aware of these differences in form to ensure proper usage of the adverb in written and spoken communication.

Usage

Both backward and backwards can be used to describe movement in the opposite direction or orientation of an object. For example, one might say, "He took a step backward" or "She turned the book backwards." In these sentences, either form of the adverb could be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the sentence. However, it is important to note that using the appropriate form based on the dialect of English being spoken is crucial for clear communication.

Etymology

The etymology of backward and backwards sheds some light on the origins of these adverbs. "Backward" is derived from the Middle English word "bakward," which combines "bak" (back) and "-ward" (a suffix indicating direction). On the other hand, "backwards" is a variation of "backward" that adds the "-s" suffix, which is common in British English. Understanding the etymology of these words can provide insight into their usage and evolution over time.

Examples

Here are some examples of how backward and backwards can be used in sentences:

• He walked backward down the hallway.
• The car started moving backwards after the driver hit the brakes.
• She turned the picture frame backwards to see the inscription on the back.
• They decided to take a step backward in order to reassess their strategy.

Regional Variations

As mentioned earlier, the choice between backward and backwards often depends on the regional variation of English being spoken. In American English, "backward" is the more common form, while in British English, "backwards" is preferred. However, it is important to note that both forms are generally accepted in both dialects, so using one over the other is not necessarily incorrect. It is simply a matter of adhering to the conventions of the specific dialect being used.

Conclusion

In conclusion, backward and backwards are two adverbs that describe movement in the opposite direction or orientation of an object. While they essentially mean the same thing, the choice between the two depends on the dialect of English being spoken. Understanding the differences in form, usage, etymology, and regional variations of these adverbs is crucial for clear and effective communication in written and spoken English. By being aware of these distinctions, English speakers can ensure that they are using the appropriate form of the adverb based on the conventions of their specific dialect.